据《防务快讯》4月9日报道

美国国防部前任副部长、人工智能国家安全委员会副主席罗伯特·沃克当日称，美国在AI领域的领先优势很窄，中国正在快速赶上，而且至少在3至6个领域已经领先美国。这是沃克与联合人工智能中心主任麦克·格伦中将在国防部新闻发布会上发表的言论。沃克还称，中国并未达到全面领先，AI不是单项技术，而是数据群，一般成为AI堆栈，包括人才、数据、硬件、算法、应用和集成6个层次。沃克认为，美国在人才、硬件和算法上领先中国，而中国在数据收集、部署应用、多功能集成上领先美国，但美国优势集中在底层技术，关乎核心与长远发展，而中国优势在显层，但竞争组织更健全，有长远竞争战略，投入了大量资源。格伦谈到了出口管制、AI伦理等问题，宣称要为未来2025及2030年做好准备，以期全面掌控和领先。沃克称，美中竞争，既是价值观竞争，也是技术竞争。

China Leads US In 3 Of 6 AI Areas: Bob Work

The US has a narrow edge in its talent pool, its hardware and its algorithms, but China is ahead in accumulating data, deploying applications, and integrating different functions.

By SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR.on April 09, 2021 at 2:13 PM BREAKING DEFENSE

Robert Work during his days as deputy Defense secretary

WASHINGTON: The US has a narrow lead on China in artificial intelligence, but the Chinese are catching up fast. In fact, they’re already at least narrowly ahead in three of six critical areas, the vice-chair of the National Security Commission on AI said today.

“We do not believe China is ahead right now in AI” overall, Robert Work said, speaking at a Pentagon press conference alongside Lt. Gen. Mike Groen, the director of the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center. But, Work went on, “look, AI is not a single technology, it is a bundle of technologies” – what professionals in the field call the “AI stack.”

As Work and the commission’s final report explain it, the AI stack has six interdependent layers. The foundational layer is not technology but people who know what to do with it. The second most fundamental layer is data, the raw material machine learning must ingest en masse to evolve. Then there’s hardware, on which everything else runs; algorithms, the complex and ever-evolving equations that drive machine learning; applications, which apply algorithms to specific functions; and integration, which ties different applications together.

“We looked at each of the six and said, ‘where does the US have an advantage and where does China have an advantage?’” Work explained. “We judged that we’re ahead — slightly ahead or ahead – in three of the six, and China is ahead or slightly ahead in three to six”:

“We believe the US has an advantage in talent right now,” he said. “We definitely are the global magnet for best talent. There’s a lot of things changing in that, and unless we’re smart about our immigration policies, etc. we can lose that, but right now we judge that we have better talent.”
“We know we have an advantage in hardware — the United States and the West more broadly,” he said. However, if China ever took over Taiwan, peacefully or otherwise, the chip factories there would immediately give it the advantage in hardware.
“We think we have an advantage in our algorithms, although the Chinese are really pushing hard,” he said. “We think that they can catch up with us within five to 10 years.”
“Now, they have an advantage in our view, in data,” Work went on. “They have a lot of data, and they don’t have the restrictions on privacy etc. that we do.”
“They have an advantage in applications. They’re very good at that,” he said. In particular, he explained, “China is a little bit ahead of the United States in fielding applications at scale. We cancatch up with them, and we believe that JAIC is the logical place in the department to really be the accelerator.”
Finally, “we think they have an advantage in integration, because they have a coherent strategy to get all of the AI stack together to give them a national advantage,” he said. “We have not organized ourselves to win the competition. We do not have a strategy to win the competition. We do not have the resources to implement a strategy, even if we had one.”

Now, not every layer of the stack is equal. China’s advantages are largely in the more visible upper levels of the stack, while America’s are in the more fundamental levels, making their impact less obvious and more long-term.

“Because talent, hardware, and algorithms are so central and important to the stack, we judge the United States, actually, is ahead of China in AI technologies more broadly,” Work said. “But … the Chinese are far more organized for a competition, and have a strategy to win the competition, and are putting in a lot of resources.”

They’re also operating without the ethical constraints that bind the US and its allies, agreed Work and Lt. Gen. Groen. Selling military drones and surveillance software to authoritarian states, for example, are routine for China but deeply controversial in the United States. The willingness to exercise unscrupulous options both gives China an advantage in the competition and makes a Chinese-dominated world a problematic place to live in.

“The Chinese export autonomous systems to nations around the world, in you know, in some places that that have some pretty ugly conflicts that are underway, [with] lots of human suffering and not a lot of world attention in some cases,” Groen said. “So here you are you have a nation that’s proliferating autonomous systems with no ethical baseline, no sets of controls, no transparency.”

“What does that hold for the future… 2025 or 2030?” Groen went on. “We have to be prepared for that.”

“This is as much a values competition as it is a technological competition,” Work said.

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